In this we will learn about Atom, Orbits and Energy Levels depending upon number of electrons.
ATOM
Atom are the smallest unit of matter. An atom composed of three subatomic particles that are electron, proton and neutron. The neutrons and the protons make the center of an atom called nucleus. And the electrons move around the nucleus in orbits (shell).
Electrons are negatively charged particles, Protons are positively charged particles & Neutron is neutral means no charge is present
Electrons “–”
Protons “+”
Neutron “ ”
Things to be note:
- As we know nucleus is composed of proton and neutron, and protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charge so overall we can say nucleus is positively charged.
- The strong nuclear force between neutrons and protons stick them together to form a nucleus.
- The negatively charged electrons are orbiting around the nucleus because of the electrostatic force of attraction present between electrons and protons.
If the numbers of electrons are equal to the number of protons in an atom then the overall charge of the atom is neutral.
And if the numbers of electrons are more than the numbers of protons in an atom then the atom is negatively charged.
If the numbers of electrons are less than the numbers of protons in an atom then the atom is positively charged.
The charge of proton and electron measures in coulombs, denoted by “C”.
Charge of a electron = – 1.602 × 10-19 Coulombs (C)
Charge of a proton = + 1.602 × 10-19 Coulombs (C).
Both the charges are equal in magnitude but have different signs.
ORBITS AND ENERGY LEVEL
Orbits (shells) are the energy levels of atoms in which electrons move around the nucleus. Energy of electrons in 1st orbit is less than energy of electrons in 2nd orbit. Similarly, the energy of electrons in 2nd orbit is less than that of 3nd orbit.
In other words, energy of electrons in inner orbits has less energy compared to outer orbits. Energy orbit N is greater than orbit N-1.
- Maximum 2 electrons in 1st shell can be present
- While, Maximum 8 electrons in 2nd shell can be present
- However, Maximum of 18 electrons in 3rd shell can be present
- Maximum 32 electrons in 4th shell can be present
- Maximum 50 electrons in 5th shell can be present
Using formula 2n^2
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